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Lower part

• Coherent formation
• Pleistocene (ca. 1.6 - 0.85 Ma)
• Correlation: Upper part of Miyakojima Formation, Lower part of Tanaka Formaiton

• Sedimentary facies: Fluvial, Lacustrine
• Sedimentary facies (Minor): Marine
• Climate: Metasequia-deficient stage
• Lithofacies: Gravels, Sands
• Lithofacies (Minor): Sandy silt
• Sedimentary structures: Planar cross-stratification, Trough cross-stratification

• Upper limit: Bottom of Ma 3
• Upper limit: Unconformity (Lower part)
• Lower limit: Top of Ebs-Fkd
• Lower limit: Conformity (Lower Most part)

------ Conformity, ~~~~~~ Unconformity, ~~~--- Local unconformity, '''/,, Interfingered, :::::: Fault, /--/-- Thrust, +__+__ Ground surface, ?--?-- Unknown

• Distribution: Mount Abuyama - Kabusanji temple, Takatsuki city, Osaka pref.; Minoo city, Osaka pref.; Oshio city, Saikyo ward, Kyoto city, Kyoto pref.; Komyoji - Okukaiinji, Nagaokakyo city, Kyoto pref.; Nikawa river - Lake Gokaike, Nishinomiya city, Hyogo pref.
• Fossils (Plants): Chamaecyparis obtusa, Cryptomeria japonica, Juglans cinerea var. megacinerea, Menyanthes trifoliata, Metasequoia disticha, Picea koribai Pinus koraiensis, Pterocarya paliurus, Tsuga oblonga
• Fossils (Shellfishes): Cristaria plicata spatiosa, Limnium biwae, Limnium reinianum
• Tephra: Ebs-Fkd, Senriyama, Yellow, Ryugaike, Ss-Pnk, Komyoji, Yamada
• Key bed (Marine clay): Ma -0, Ma 0, Ma 1, Ma 2

• Hongo (2009) Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan, vol.115, no.2, pp.64-79 DOI
• Miyachi et al. (2005) Geology of the Kyoto-Seinambu District, Quadrangle Series, Scale 1:50,000, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, 90p. (in Japanese with English abstract 4p.)
• Miyachi et al. (2001) Geology of the Osaka-Tohokubu District, Quadrangle Series, Scale 1:50,000, Geological Survey of Japan, 130p. (in Japanese with English abstract 6p.)
• Huzita and Kasama (1982) Geology of the Osaka-Seihokubu District, Quadrangle Series, Scale 1:50,000, Geological Survey of Japan, 112p. (in Japanese with English abstract 8p.)