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Hakkoda 1st-stage Pyroclastic Flow Deposit Muraoka and Takakura, 1988
Abbr.: Hkd1
Invalid synonym: Tsurugasawa Tuff (Submarine pyroclastic flow), Tsurugasawa Formation
- Type locality: Ose river, Oirase river, Towada city, Aomori prefecture
- Tephra
- Pleistocene (ca. 0.76 Ma; 0.7 - 0.6 Ma, K-Ar, FT)
- Correlation: OT21 (Oga, Akita), Yk9a (Choshi, Chiba), Hkd-Ku (Chiba), Imakuma I Tephra
- Sedimentary facies (Upper): Terrestrial
- Sedimentary facies (Lower): Marine
- Sedimentary facies (Upper, Temperature): 100 degree C or lower
- Sedimentary facies (Lower, Temperature): 600 degree C or higher
- Lithofacies (Upper): Weakly welded acidic pumice tuff
- Lithofacies (Lower): Dacitic - Rhyolitic pyroclastic flow deposit
- Lithofacies (Minor): Tuff breccia
- Lithofacies (Size of plagioclase): 3 mm in maximum
- Sedimentary structures (Upper): Upward pipe structures
- Sedimentary structures (Lower): Parallel stratification, Graded bedding, Reversed graded bedding, Flame structure
- Source: Hakkoda caldera
- Thickness: 0 - 200 m
- Upper limit: Conformity or unconformity (Maedanome Formation), Conformity? (Hakkoda 2nd-stage Pyroclastic Flow Deposit), Unconformity (Towada-Ofudo Pyroclastic Flow Deposit, Towada-Hachinohe Pyroclastic Flow Deposit, Tsutagawa Pyroclastic Deposit, Minami-Hakkoda 3rd-stage Lava and Pyroclastic Rocks, Oguni Lacustrine Formation), Unknown (Rokumantai Formation, Kuroishi Fan Deposit)
- Lower limit: Conformity (Tazawamoriyama Formation), Unconformity (Isodayama Formation, Aoni Tuff, Osegawa Pyroclastic Flow Deposits, Sorigasezawa Andesite, Nenokuchi Lacustrine Formation, Tsuta Debris Avalanche Deposit, Hakkoda-Takatoge Pyroclastic Flow Deposit, Komasuzawa Formation)
------ Conformity, ~~~~~~ Unconformity, ~~~--- Local unconformity, '''/,, Interfingered, :::::: Fault, /--/-- Thrust, +__+__ Ground surface, ?--?-- Unknown
- Distribution: Ose river, Oirase river - Nakasato river, Towada city, Aomori pref.; Tsurugasaka, Aomori city, Aomori pref.; Takane, Nakadomari city, Kitatsugaru county, Aomori pref.; Iwasaki, Goshogawara city, Aomori pref.; Kawakura, Kanagi town, Goshogawara city, Aomori pref.; Amadanai, Shijo, Aomori city, Aomori pref.; Mount Asuka, Asuka, Aomori city, Aomori pref.; Daishaka, Namioka, Aomori city, Aomori pref.; Takadate - Ho pass, Kuroishi city, Aomori pref.; Domeki, Towada city, Aomori pref.
- Nagamori et al. (2013) Geology of the Aomori-Seibu District, Quadrangle Series, Scale 1:50,000, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, 67p. (in Japanese with English abstract 4p.)
- Kudo (2005) Geology of the Towada District, Quadrangle Series, Scale 1:50,000, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, 79p. (in Japanese with English abstract 3p.)
- Takarada and Muraoka (2004) Geology of the Hakkoda San District, Quadrangle Series, Scale 1:50,000, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, 86p. (in Japanese with English abstract 4p.)
- Fujii (1981) Geology of the Aburakawa District, Quadrangle Series, Scale 1:50,000, Geological Survey of Japan, 38p. (in Japanese with English abstract 3p.)
- Ozawa and Hirayama (1970) Geology of the Goshogawara District, Quadrangle Series, Scale 1:50,000, Geological Survey of Japan, 25p. (in Japanese with English abstract 3p.)
- Fujii (1966) Kanagi, Explanatory Text of the Geological Map of Japan, Scale 1:50,000, Geological Survey of Japan, 40p. (in Japanese with English abstract 4p.)