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Panke Formation

• Coherent formation
• middle - late Miocene (12 - 11 Ma)

• Sedimentary facies: Terrestrial
• Sedimentary facies: Meandering river, Lacustrine
• Sedimentary facies: Meander bar, Sandbar, Flood plain, Backmarsh or Natural levee
• Climate: Mesic to humid temperate
• Lithofacies (Upper): Tuff breccia, Volcanic breccia
• Lithofacies (Lower): Sandstone

• Thickness (Lower): 50 m
• Upper limit: Unknown
• Lower limit: Unconformity (Penke Formation)

• Distribution: Nayoro river, Kaminayoro, Shimokawa city, Hokkaido
• Fossils (Plants): Equisetum sp., Abies protofirma Tanai, Picea sp., Pinaceae gen. et sp. indet, Bambusioideae gen. et sp. indet, Cercidiphyllum crenatum (Unger) Brown, Vitis sp., Cladrastis chaneyi Tanai et N. Suzuki, Prunus protossiori Tanai et Onoe, Prunus rubesibensis Tanai et N. Suzuki, Sorbaria sp., Ulmus sp., Fagus palaeojaponica Tanai et Onoe, Fagus sp. cf. F. Palaeojaponica Tanai et Onoe, Pterocarya japonica (Tanai) Uemura, Alnus sp. cf. A. protomaximowiczii Tanai, Alnus sp., Populus sanzugawaensis Huzioka et Uemura, Salix kitamiensis Tanai et N. Suzuki, Salix misaotatewakii Tanai et N. Suzuki, Salix parasachalinensis Tanai et N. Suzuki, Salix sp., Acer palaeodiabolicum Endo, Acer protojaponicum Tanai et Onoe, Acer rotundatum Huzioka, Acer subcarpinifolium Tanai, Acer subukurundense N. Suzuk, Acer tricuspidatum Bronn, Carpolithes sp., Dicotyledons family, gen. et sp. indet

• Narita et al. (2017) Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan, vol.123, no.3, pp.131-145 DOI