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Replacement pair forming a series of minerals.
Homovalent substitution
- Li+ - Na+
- Na+ - K+
- K+ - Rb+ - Cs+ - NH4+: Mica
- Ag+ - Cu+: Sulfosalt
- Cs+ - Tl+: Sulfosalt
- Na+ - K+ - Ca2+0.5[]: Zeolite
- Mg2+ - Ca2+ - Sr2+ - Ba2+ - Fe2+ - Ni2+ - Mn2+
- Pb2+ - Sn2+ - Mn2+ - Fe2+ - Cd2+: Sulfosalt
- Fe2+ - Zn2+ - Mn2+ - Cd2+ - Hg2+: Sulfosalt
- Zn2+ - Cd2+
- Y3+ - La3+ - Ce3+ - Nd3+ - Yb3+ - REE3+
- Ga3+ - Fe3+: Sapphirine
- Fe3+ - Al3+ - Mn3+ - V3+ - Cr3+: Amphibole, Epidote, Tourmaline
- Fe3+ - Al3+ - Cr3+ - Sc3+: Pyroxene
- Fe3+ - Al3+ - Cr3+: Sapphirine
- Bi3+ - Sb3+ - As3+: Sulfosalt
- Bi3+ - In3+: Sulfosalt
- Pd3+ - Pt3+: Sulfide
- Ti4+ - Zr4+: Eudialyte
- Si4+ - Ge4+
- Nb3+O4 - Ta3+O4
- V3+O4 - P3+O4 - As3+O4
- F- - Cl- - OH-: Apatite, Mica, Apophyllite
- S2- - Se2- - Te2-: Sulfoslat
Heterovalent coupled substitution
- Fe2+[] - Cu+2: Sulfosalt
- (Bi3+,Sb3+)[] - Pb2+Cu+: Sulfosalt
- Si4+[] - Na+Al3+: Amphibole
- Te4+[] - Cu+(Sb3+,Sb3+): Sulfosalt
- O2- - (OH)-2
- ([],H2O)OH- - Na+O2-: Lovozerite
- Fe2+2 - Al3+Li+
- Fe2+2 - Fe3+Cu+
- Cu2+2 - Fe3+Cu+
- Ca2+2 - Bi3+Na+: Pyrochlore
- Pb2+2 - (Ag+,Tl+)(Bi3+,Sb3+,As3+): Sulfosalt
- Fe3+2 - Fe2+Ti4+: Sapphirine
- (Al3+,Fe3+,Cr3+)2 - (Mg2+,Fe2+)Si4+: Tschermak-type, Sapphirine, Amphibole
- Al3+2 - Be2+Si4+: Sapphirine
- Ga3+2 - Ge4+Fe2+: Sapphirine
- Ga3+2 - Sn4+Fe2+: Sapphirine
- (K+,Na+)Al3+ - Ca2+Be2+: Mica
- Cu+Bi3+ - Fe2+Pb2+: Sulfosalt
- Ag+Sb3+ - Pb2+Mn2+: Sulfosalt
- REE3+Mg2+ - Ca2+Al3+: Epidote
- (Na+,K+)Si4+ - (Ca2+,Mg2+,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al3+: Feldspar, Sapphirine
- (Na+,K+)Si4+ - (Mg2+,Fe2+,Mn2+)Fe3+
- (K+,Na+)Si4+ - Ba2+Al3+: Mica
- Cu+Te4+ - (Fe2+,Zn2+)(As3+,Sb3+): Sulfosalt
- (Fe2+,Mg2+)Si4+ - Fe3+Al3+: Mica
- Fe2+Si4+ - Fe3+(Al3+,Fe3+): Sapphirine
- Fe3+Si4+ - Ti4+Fe3+: Schorlomite
- Mg2+F- - Al3+O2-: Epidote
- Be2+(OH)- - Al3+O2-: Bavenite-Bohseite
Heterovalent Site-Anion complex coupled substitution
- Ca2+PO43- - Na+SO42-: Apatite
- Ca2+PO43- - REE3+SiO44-: Apatite
Heterovalent 3-pair coupled substitution
- (Bi3+,Sb3+)2[] - Pb2+3: Sulfosalt
- Bi3+[][] - (Cu+,Ag+)Cu+2: Sulfosalt
- (Th4+,U4+)(Fe2+,Mg2)2 - Ca2+(Al3+,Fe3+)2: Epidote
- Ti4+Al3+2 - (Fe2+,Mg2+)Si4+2: Tschermak-type, Mica
- Sb5+Mg2+Fe3+ - Fe3+2Si4+: Sapphirine
Heterovalent 4-pair coupled substitution
- Mg2+2Al3+(OH)- - Al3+2Mg2+O2-: Tourmaline